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    "This president is going to lead us out of this recovery." - Dan Quayle, at a campaign stop in California and and then at CA State University, Fresno (The Quayle Quarterly, Spring/Summer 1992)

    What is PageRank?

    PageRank is a numeric value that represents how important a page is on the web. Google figures that when one page links to another page, it is effectively casting a vote for the other page. The more votes that are cast for a page, the more important the page must be. Also, the importance of the page that is casting the vote determines how important the vote itself is. Google calculates a page's importance from the votes cast for it. How important each vote is is taken into account when a page's PageRank is calculated.

    PageRank is Google's way of deciding a page's importance. It matters because it is one of the factors that determines a page's ranking in the search results. It isn't the only factor that Google uses to rank pages, but it is an important one.

    From here on in, we'll occasionally refer to PageRank as "PR".

    Notes:
    Not all links are counted by Google. For instance, they filter out links from known link farms. Some links can cause a site to be penalized by Google. They rightly figure that webmasters cannot control which sites link to their sites, but they can control which sites they link out to. For this reason, links into a site cannot harm the site, but links from a site can be harmful if they link to penalized sites. So be careful which sites you link to. If a site has PR0, it is usually a penalty, and it would be unwise to link to it.


    How is PageRank calculated?

    To calculate the PageRank for a page, all of its inbound links are taken into account. These are links from within the site and links from outside the site.

    PR(A) = (1-d) + d(PR(t1)/C(t1) + ... + PR(tn)/C(tn))

    That's the equation that calculates a page's PageRank. It's the original one that was published when PageRank was being developed, and it is probable that Google uses a variation of it but they aren't telling us what it is. It doesn't matter though, as this equation is good enough.

    In the equation 't1 - tn' are pages linking to page A, 'C' is the number of outbound links that a page has and 'd' is a damping factor, usually set to 0.85.

    We can think of it in a simpler way:-

    a page's PageRank = 0.15 + 0.85 * (a "share" of the PageRank of every page that links to it)

    "share" = the linking page's PageRank divided by the number of outbound links on the page.

    A page "votes" an amount of PageRank onto each page that it links to. The amount of PageRank that it has to vote with is a little less than its own PageRank value (its own value * 0.85). This value is shared equally between all the pages that it links to.

    From this, we could conclude that a link from a page with PR4 and 5 outbound links is worth more than a link from a page with PR8 and 100 outbound links. The PageRank of a page that links to yours is important but the number of links on that page is also important. The more links there are on a page, the less PageRank value your page will receive from it.

    If the PageRank value differences between PR1, PR2,.....PR10 were equal then that conclusion would hold up, but many people believe that the values between PR1 and PR10 (the maximum) are set on a logarithmic scale, and there is very good reason for believing it. Nobody outside Google knows for sure one way or the other, but the chances are high that the scale is logarithmic, or similar. If so, it means that it takes a lot more additional PageRank for a page to move up to the next PageRank level that it did to move up from the previous PageRank level. The result is that it reverses the previous conclusion, so that a link from a PR8 page that has lots of outbound links is worth more than a link from a PR4 page that has only a few outbound links.

    Whichever scale Google uses, we can be sure of one thing. A link from another site increases our site's PageRank. Just remember to avoid links from link farms.

    Note that when a page votes its PageRank value to other pages, its own PageRank is not reduced by the value that it is voting. The page doing the voting doesn't give away its PageRank and end up with nothing. It isn't a transfer of PageRank. It is simply a vote according to the page's PageRank value. It's like a shareholders meeting where each shareholder votes according to the number of shares held, but the shares themselves aren't given away. Even so, pages do lose some PageRank indirectly, as we'll see later.

    Ok so far? Good. Now we'll look at how the calculations are actually done.

    For a page's calculation, its existing PageRank (if it has any) is abandoned completely and a fresh calculation is done where the page relies solely on the PageRank "voted" for it by its current inbound links, which may have changed since the last time the page's PageRank was calculated.

    The equation shows clearly how a page's PageRank is arrived at. But what isn't immediately obvious is that it can't work if the calculation is done just once. Suppose we have 2 pages, A and B, which link to each other, and neither have any other links of any kind. This is what happens:-

    Step 1: Calculate page A's PageRank from the value of its inbound links

    Page A now has a new PageRank value. The calculation used the value of the inbound link from page B. But page B has an inbound link (from page A) and its new PageRank value hasn't been worked out yet, so page A's new PageRank value is based on inaccurate data and can't be accurate.

    Step 2: Calculate page B's PageRank from the value of its inbound links

    Page B now has a new PageRank value, but it can't be accurate because the calculation used the new PageRank value of the inbound link from page A, which is inaccurate.

    It's a Catch 22 situation. We can't work out A's PageRank until we know B's PageRank, and we can't work out B's PageRank until we know A's PageRank.

    Now that both pages have newly calculated PageRank values, can't we just run the calculations again to arrive at accurate values? No. We can run the calculations again using the new values and the results will be more accurate, but we will always be using inaccurate values for the calculations, so the results will always be inaccurate.

    The problem is overcome by repeating the calculations many times. Each time produces slightly more accurate values. In fact, total accuracy can never be achieved because the calculations are always based on inaccurate values. 40 to 50 iterations are sufficient to reach a point where any further iterations wouldn't produce enough of a change to the values to matter. This is precisiely what Google does at each update, and it's the reason why the updates take so long.

    One thing to bear in mind is that the results we get from the calculations are proportions. The figures must then be set against a scale (known only to Google) to arrive at each page's actual PageRank. Even so, we can use the calculations to channel the PageRank within a site around its pages so that certain pages receive a higher proportion of it than others.



    NOTE:
    You may come across explanations of PageRank where the same equation is stated but the result of each iteration of the calculation is added to the page's existing PageRank. The new value (result + existing PageRank) is then used when sharing PageRank with other pages. These explanations are wrong for the following reasons:-

    1. They quote the same, published equation - but then change it

    from PR(A) = (1-d) + d(......) to PR(A) = PR(A) + (1-d) + d(......)

    It isn't correct, and it isn't necessary.

    2. We will be looking at how to organize links so that certain pages end up with a larger proportion of the PageRank than others. Adding to the page's existing PageRank through the iterations produces different proportions than when the equation is used as published. Since the addition is not a part of the published equation, the results are wrong and the proportioning isn't accurate.

    According to the published equation, the page being calculated starts from scratch at each iteration. It relies solely on its inbound links. The 'add to the existing PageRank' idea doesn't do that, so its results are necessarily wrong.


    Internal linking

    Fact: A website has a maximum amount of PageRank that is distributed between its pages by internal links.

    The maximum PageRank in a site equals the number of pages in the site * 1. The maximum is increased by inbound links from other sites and decreased by outbound links to other sites. We are talking about the overall PageRank in the site and not the PageRank of any individual page. You don't have to take my word for it. You can reach the same conclusion by using a pencil and paper and the equation.

    Fact: The maximum amount of PageRank in a site increases as the number of pages in the site increases.

    The more pages that a site has, the more PageRank it has. Again, by using a pencil and paper and the equation, you can come to the same conclusion. Bear in mind that the only pages that count are the ones that Google knows about.

    Fact: By linking poorly, it is possible to fail to reach the site's maximum PageRank, but it is not possible to exceed it.

    Poor internal linkages can cause a site to fall short of its maximum but no kind of internal link structure can cause a site to exceed it. The only way to increase the maximum is to add more inbound links and/or increase the number of pages in the site.

    Cautions: Whilst I thoroughly recommend creating and adding new pages to increase a site's total PageRank so that it can be channeled to specific pages, there are certain types of pages that should not be added. These are pages that are all identical or very nearly identical and are known as cookie-cutters. Google considers them to be spam and they can trigger an alarm that causes the pages, and possibly the entire site, to be penalized. Pages full of good content are a must.

    What can we do with this 'overall' PageRank?

    We are going to look at some example calculations to see how a site's PageRank can be manipulated, but before doing that, I need to point out that a page will be included in the Google index only if one or more pages on the web link to it. That's according to Google. If a page is not in the Google index, any links from it can't be included in the calculations.

    For the examples, we are going to ignore that fact, mainly because other 'Pagerank Explained' type documents ignore it in the calculations, and it might be confusing when comparing documents. The calculator operates in two modes:- Simple and Real. In Simple mode, the calculations assume that all pages are in the Google index, whether or not any other pages link to them. In Real mode the calculations disregard unlinked-to pages. These examples show the results as calculated in Simple mode.

    Link13 Link 12 Link 11 Link 10 Link 9 Link 8 Link 7 Link 6 Link 5 Link 4 Link 3 Link 2 Link 1 Link 0 Link

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    It is amazing how much the search engines focus on links.  In order to compete for highly competitive keyword phrases you have to have incoming links in droves.  Long gone are the days where simply raising your keyword density and prominence could get you a top ranking.  While this (on page seo) can still work for less competitive keywords, it is not enough for the top terms.

    The great thing about links is anyone can exchange links with other websites!  While very few have taken the time to learn the ins and outs of search enginge optimization, anyone can build strong relevant link partners for their site.  I am sure you've seen those ebooks that tell you the easy way to a top ten ranking is getting links.  Well this is actually true! 

    Ok so your website is new and your google pagerank is a big fat 0!  No one wants to trade with your site because of your pagerank.  What do you then do?  The answer is directories.  Find and submit your site to as many directories relevant to your site as you can find.  Most will ask for a link back, but some won't!  Eventually you'll find enough places to submit your site and you'll get some pr to your site.  Once you get a pagerank of at least 2 or 3 then sites with similar pagerank will trade with you. 

    So you've now submitted your site to a good handful of relevant directories, and you waited for the Google update.  You are amazed that you now have some pagerank.  Maybe it's only 2 or 3 but it is no longer a whopping zero!  You are excited and feel empowered.  You rush to check those rankings you been going after and to your disgust nothing has changed.  You're still ranked a mile from a top ranking.  Well hang in there, it only gets better with time if you stick with it.

    In order to compete for a competitive keyword phrase, in my humble opinion, you need at least a pr5.  I have seen sites ranked very high for some big time keywords with a pr5.  So take your pagerank of 3 and look for other sites ranked 3 - 5.  Remember when you exchange links to add your keyword phrase in the linktext, this is very important.  The search engines use the link or anchor text to determine what your site is about.  If you have many links pointing to your site with 'baby toys', then the search engines will think your site is about baby toys, even if it has nothing to do with baby toys!  Most search engines are not yet smart enough to compare the linktext pointing to your site with your site content, but they are heading in this direction.

    So just keep doing this tedious work of building your link popularity as it will pay off!  Little by little you will climb to a pr5 and above!  If you reach a pr5 and have included your targeted keyword phrases in the linktext of your directory submissions and link trades, then you should start to see some results.

    You will of course need to learn some basic search engine optimization, but even a novice with strong incoming links can get those top rankings.  So keep at it and remeber that time is on your side.  You most likely will not get results over night, it will take time and patience, but results will come if you stick with it. 

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